8??23è?￡?è?±?o￡?üμú?t?￠?ó·a??á??o?Yí??úμ??àμoo￡óò?￡
1??????ù′?????á?D?á|￡?D?á|éù3?±?D?°??àμo????è?±??￡
í?è?￡??ú??????·￠éúá?ò?3?D?D?μ??ù???￡?ù??μ??úèYê?￡o?°1ú·à?üê?·?òa?÷?ˉ??è?±?o￡?ü·￠?e1￥?÷￡??±
?ò??ì???oó￡?ò???è??a￡o?°è??üò??¨?á?ò?ò?ü·￠?e??1￥￡???1￥ê±?????¨óúè??üμ?×?±?ê±???±?￡?á??×?è?ò2?í3?à′á?￡???1￥￡?
ê¤à?￡??í?ü3á??′ò?÷è??ü￡?꧰ü￡?ò2′ò?òá?è??ü??1￥2?ê??￡?aò2ê??è2?μ?ò?μ?????￡??ò?ü??óD??áD?￠￡?o￡?ü×ü????2?×???íò??￡???è??üo￡?üóμóDê??à?ò??áD?￠￡??1óDá??ò?y?ú?¨?ì?D￡?×ü????ê?±?óú?ò?￡?′ê1è?±?o￡?üμú?t?￠?ó×ü????ò2??3?1y?ò?ü￡??ü2?òa?μ???·á|á??￡
óúê?￡?ר???????í?aê?á??￡
ר??????￡?ê?2??±???????òo￡?üêμ?ê?é??￡?????μ?????￡??ù?óμD?íê?è?±?o￡?ü?￡??o?D??úèY￡??íê??°?ˉ?D?ò?üè?2?ó?à×í§oí?±í§￡??úò1íí??μDè?·￠?eí???￡?á|?ó?ì3éμDè?μ?×?′ó?eê§?±?￡′?′?DD?ˉ￡?????è?±?o￡?üμú?t?￠?ó￡?????ó?é?×÷DT???￡?°?ú?′±?￡?oó?ú?ò???óá??°o￡?ü?￠?ó?÷?ˉ3??÷￡??ú?úì¨μ???o???￡??ú?¤1￥?÷2??ó3·í??±μ?°2???￡
????????μ?1??ü￡??úóú?ü·?è·?¨è?o￡?ü????￡?ò??°?ü·?2?±?2ì??μ??ó?üè?o￡?ü?￡
?°??￡?è?±?o￡?üμú?t?￠?ó????3t3tμ?D?2?á?×??oμ?′??ú￡?·é?ú?ì2ìò2á??aá??üμ?????￡??áò×?a??á?￡?oó??￡?o￡?üò2×?á?oü?à?-á|?￡?ú???2μ?ò1à?￡?2?òa?μ￡?êyê??òó?à×í§￡??íê???í¨μ?ó?′?????μ?éùò?￡?ò2?ü1?′?3?é?°ù?×?￡o￡?ü?-1y?à′?ê??é￡?×???è·?¨￡o?ú1~3o￡à?????￡?ò??¨?á±?·￠??￡?5o￡à?ò??ú￡?2?óí?úμ?éùò?oü?÷??￡?7o￡à?ò??ú￡?ò2èYò×±?2ì???￡o￡?ü×??????¨￡o?ú?àà???±ê10o￡à?′|￡?í￡?12?óí?ú￡???ò?μ??ˉ?ú×÷?ˉá|μí?ù?°??￡??ó?ü??±ê￡??ù???ˉ2?óí?úí?è????÷?￡′?ía￡?·??￠ó?à×í§ía±í￡???·′1a′|?￥?¨′|àí￡???éù??ò?μèμèDí?à′?ê?￡?ò22?±???±í?￡×ü??????￡?o￡?ü?a′?×÷á?×?′óμ???á|￡?×??ê??μ?×?±??￡
′?′?×÷??￡?ê1ó?μ??¨ò????÷￡??íê?ó?à×????????í??1ó?à×￡?μ?1ú??ê?￡?ó?à×μ?o??ù701?à?/D?ê±￡?o?3ì′?3140?×?￡???°?ùò?1ú2ú?ˉ?￡
ó?à×μ????μá|oü′ó￡??ü?ú???D±??¨oó?÷òa???μ?￠í§μ????D2???￡?ò2?íê??￠í§μ??ü?′?￠?ˉá|oíμˉyao2?￡??éê1?￠í§3á???òê§è￥???·á|?￡?úμúò?′?êà??′ó???D￡??÷1ú±?ó?à×?÷3áμ??￠′?′?1153íò??￡???±??÷3á?￠′?×ü????μ?89￡￥￡??úμú?t′?êà??′ó???D￡?±?ó?à×?÷3áμ??￠′?óD1445íò??￡???±??÷3á?￠′?×ü????μ?68￡￥?￡
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
8??24è?íí9￡o30￡??????￠í???o￡?￠?????￠á???3?í?ê±·￠?ˉá?·é?ú￡???D??aê??e·é?￡
???D￡?????°×ììò??-?ì2ì1yè??￠?óμ?????￡??ùò?￡??????ü?ú·é?ú?°???￡???ü·é?ú3éáaD?ò??e·éDD?ú°μò1???D?￡????óDμ?D?·ü￡?·éDD?ú???D?????T?D?Tê?μ??D??￡?ò??±ê????ù?òíù??áμμ?￡?×?′ó?°??′?ò1o??μá·ò?à′￡??????í?2??é??a???ú·éDD?úò1???Dμ??D??á?￡?1??à??×??ú￡?o?????μ??ú·é?èò??ù?￡
??????à′?μ￡?ò??-?μ2???￡??aê???μ?μ??àéù′?è???á??￡??ò?μ??ùò22?????￡?·éDD?ú600?×μ??????D￡?2?1y·?ê1ó?·￠?ˉ?úμ??°￡?ê?2??áóDè?ìy??éùò?μ??￡?áóúêüμ?1￥?÷￡??í?ü2?òa??á?￡????ú?1??óDè?o????÷￡??ü1￥?÷μ???￡??aê?ò?′??á?éμ???DD?￡?e·é￡?μ?′??¤?¨μ?μ?￡??°?ò??±ê￡?è·?¨·???￡?·μo?￡??íê??a?′?òμ￥?￡
è·êμ￡?ò??D??oü?3à??￡μ?′??¤?¨????oó￡?è??￠?ó??è??ò??±±ò??ˉ′ó????o￡à?￡?μ??a??óD′?à′ê2?′?é·3￡?í???o￡?ú??·??óoó·￠??á??ü?￡
·μo?ò2oü?3à?￡??¨ò?è??????D??2?íê?àμ?￡??íê??μ??￡??a?′?à′?ò1???μ???μá·oó￡??a′?ó??1?éá?o?????μ??Y￡?????2?óéμíéùμ???á?ò????￡
??1ú±òò￡í??òíao￡￡?·?·e?ü?′μ???ê?o￡à?íaμ?è?o￡?üμú?t?￠?ó??μ??￡×?è?￡?o￡?óé?oú?á?áμ?￡?ê2?′ò2??óD?￡á???ê±3?o￡ò1ó?μ?ó?′?￡?ò2±ü?aá??aà??￡?°é?óêó?à′·??ú?￥?±￡???ê±??èáμ?o￡·?￡?ò2′?×???·?é±??￡???1ú±ò?1?Dμ?ò???o?òa?￡ì§?eí·à′￡?2??a2?????￡?ò????ü2??￡
?°?′à′￡????óì¨?¤±¨μ??1í|×?è·μ??±￡???1ú±ò2?óé????μ?D|á?￡??°??ê???o?ìì???￡?±?￡??oúé±è?ò1￡?′ó?é·òá￠1|?í?ú′?ê±￡?
á?á￠èy?ì2??üá?1yà′￡?á￠?y￡??′à?￡??°1ú·à?üo￡?üó?à×í§×ü?ó?ˉo?íê±?￡?????ê?￡??±
??1ú±ò×a1yéíà′￡??èê??????y?yμ???á?à?￡??°1éáD￡??±??°???1a×a?òá?ó?à××ü?ó?￡
?°?üá?ò??-???aμà￡??òò22?·??°á??￡?×?????ùμ?àúê·￡?′ó?ò??ê???3tμ??￡??ìì?íê???3üμ?μúò???￡?′ó?é·òá￠1|￡??í?ú′?ê±￡??òéú1úí?￡??ò?à1ú′?￡???′ó?òí??òò??e￡?ò?±??à????D?￡???á|·ü??°é￡?é±￡??±
?×??ê??ùóDo￡?ü??Dèòa?§?°μ?ò????￡
320??éùò?????3éò?éù??o°?°é±￡??±
??1ú±òìí3??3±í￡???ò1ê??tμ??y?￡
??×?ò?éùá???￡??°×¨???±DD?ˉμ?μúèy2??aê?á??￡?±í§2??ó2??a?3à?·?￡???1ú±ò????μ???￡?μ?ê?￡???á￠?ì?áê?á?????￡???è?2???D÷￡??ˉ?Dμ????°μ?DD?ˉé?à′?￡
óéóú?ù?èμ??-òò￡??±í§2??óò??-3?·￠ò???D?ê±á??￡
??ò1ê??tμ??y￡??ú÷?°μμ?o￡??é?￡?í?3é·???á??üá?￡??°?±o??￡?±′?ê±′??ì￡?í?3é·?ò2?ú?êí??ùμ??êìa￡?2??a??óàμ???ó??3à?·?￡??a×?è?ê????T?aμ??êìa?￡?aá?±￡?ü?e??￡?3?o￡oóμ?ì¨ò??é±￡3??2??￡??±μ?????ê±oò￡??aê????í?¨o?μ?·?°?￡??-ò22??á?￥·′?￡
í?3é·?????μ??ò?tììé?·e?íμ?á?ò???￡?è?è?????3￡???ù￡??è?¨óDDòμ???′?ò???ó?ò????üá?￡?°?ìtìyoíD?·ü??òt2??ú???2?????￡êì?¤μ??üá?￡?oü?ì?ooíá??±í§1ù±?μ??éD÷￡?ò2è?í?3é·?μ?D?D?±????￡?í?aá???í?D|￡??°??ê2?′￡??ò???±í§ê??TμDμ?￡??±
μ÷?¤1íà??t?óá?ò???￡??°??ê?￡???′üμ?á?￡?í?′ó??°ì?￡óDê2?′á?2?μ?μ?￡?·′?y￡???à?×óóDè?????á?￡??±?ùóDè??°o??±ò???￡?D|á??eà′￡??aê?í?3é·?μ??úí·ì??￡
?aê??D1úμúò?′??±í§×÷??￡?ò2ê?êà??μúò?′?′ó1??￡?±í§??￡??-?á2?óDμ???????￡?μ?????ò2?í2?1yè?′?￡??ò??ê??TμDμ?￡?
?°êà??×?óD1?μà￡???3?×üóD??±¨?±?￡?a???÷??ê??è′ê￡?μ±2?μ???μ??￡óDD?ê±oò￡?íùíù???μμ????à￡?×?μ????à￡??í′íμ????à?￡′?′?μ?DD?ˉò2ê?è?′?￡?ó?à×í§é?1|·ò??μ??ù?à￡?ò2ê??Tó?1|?￡
áè3?2￡o35￡??±í§2??ó×?è·?T?óμ??òμ?á?è??￠?ó￡??1óD25·??ó?￡?ì?Yáa?μ1yoó￡?40?ò?±í§￡?μ?′?á?38?ò￡?ó?à×í§è?μ?á?￡?ó?à×í§2??ó×a?aμ??ˉ?ú￡??aê??ó?üè??￠?ó￡??±í§2??ó???±￡??àà?DD?ˉ?1óD25·??ó￡?
2￡o50￡?17o??￠23o??ò?±í§μ?′?￡??±í§2??óè??±μ?′?￡??ù′????±￡??àà?DD?ˉ?1óD10·??ó￡?
?í?ú?a??ê±oò￡?ó?à×í§2??ó±?·￠??á?￡?′?ê±￡?ó?à×í§?àà?è??￠?óáùo￡à??￡??1ú±ò·￠3?D?o??°í????±?????aê?·￠éúòaía￡????±1￥?÷μ?D?o?￡??y3￡μ?1￥?÷D?o??a?°ó?3|?±?￡
oóà′￡??ú??oó?Dì??áé?￡?×ü?á?-?éê±￡?ò??°2??±??·????ò′?′?×÷??ê±￡?óDè?òtòt????μ???μ?￡?′???óD?êìa?￡μ?ê¤à??ú??á??êìa?￡?±μ????êò?oó￡?2??±???D??ó￠?￠μ?á?1ú?·????ày￡?áa?μ′?′?×÷??￡?2??÷è·μ???3?￡o
?°è?1??ú′?′?×÷???D￡???óD3??ˉó?à×í§￡??ò???μ￡?ó?à×í§oó1￥?÷￡???1?ò??¨?á?ü′ó￡?1ú·à?üμ??eê§ò2?áD?ò?D??￡?-?-?±
μ?è·è?′?￡?μ±?êμ?ííD?ê±oò￡?μ?1ú?°U-9?±o??±í§?úò????àD?ê±?ú￡?á?D??÷3áó￠1ú3?ò12000?????2?ó?￠￡?1400è?é￥éú?￡é?oó￡?ó￠1úE9o??±í§?úo???1?à?í??÷3áμ?1ú?á?2?ó?￠?°o?à-?±o??￡μ±ê±μ??????￠í§???±í§????1￥?÷ê?ê??T2?￡?ó￠?￠μ???·?μ??÷á|?￠?óè??a1-????￡???3·3?á?±±o￡o￡???￡
è?1?￡??ò?ü??3??ˉá??±í§2??ó￡??úè??￠?óéD?′2ì??μ?ê±oò?????a???é?üD?ê?????μ?????1￥?÷è??￠?ó￡?oü?é?ü?????ì3é?ù?eD?′ò?÷?￡
è???￡???????μ?ìá3???￡?ò2?íê??ò￡??T???Día??ê·￡??à???1ê?oü?íèYμ??￡??ò???è?D?μ????÷??ó?óúêμ??￡?????3???′í?ó￡?′ó?òò2???ü1?àí?a?￡?à???°?????ú?13?·??±????￡??ò?í2?′íá??￡?ò×?è?2??á?à?μê2?′￡??-è??ò?-à′￡???ê????±?ü????￡?
1￥?÷D?o?ò??-·￠3?￡?ó?à×í§2??ó???ˉ2?óí?ú￡?è??ù?ò?°￡??ú?ó?üè??￠?óò?o￡à?×óóò￡?·￠é?á??ùóDó?à×￡?è?oó￡?á￠?ì×a?òìó×??￡ó?′?í?ê±￡??±í§2??óò2???±?áê?á????±￡?óéíao￡￡???è??￠?ó·￠é?á?ó?à×?￡
è?±?o￡?üê??ˉìèμ?￡?ò2ê??μá·óD??μ?￡?′ó?ˉ±¨à-?ì?aê?￡?2?3?1y?t·??ó￡?è?μú?t?￠?ó?í??ó?à×í§2??ó·￠?e1￥?÷?￡è???￡??aê±ò?íí?￡?±í§2??ó???ó×??í·￠é?á?ó?à×?￡′ì?úμ??ˉ±¨?ù′??ì?e￡??a′?ê???×2?ˉ±¨?￡è?μú?t?￠?óμ??ùóD?￠í§?????±DD?ˉ?eà′￡?òaí?1é±ü￡??????????°?é?è?é?ü?￠?Dè?·??-?±μ?±ˉ×3ê??￡????·￠éú￡????°?t?|?±?2?ó?￠3?·?·￠?ó?°??ê?μà?±??é?￡?éáéíμ2ó?à×￡?±￡?¤??áD?￠μ??é??￡?2?ò???×??￡
è???￡??í?ú?a?′±ˉ×3?￠ó￠ó??T?·?￠?-?-￡¨ê???ò?°ù×?￡?μ?ê±?ì￡??°íò???±μ?1ú·à?üó?à×í§?aê?·￠é?ó?à×?￡
??1?ê???o?μ??￡′óó?à×í§±?·￠??￡?μ?1￥?÷?áê??a?1￡?2?μ?24·??óê±???????aê??±í§2??ó???±oó￡?μ??aμ?×?è·ê±??￡?ó?à×í§2??ó?y?úìó?ü?D????è′μ±3??÷3áá?è?o￡?ü???ò?2?ó?￠?￠áù?ò?y?e?￠oí?°?t2¨?±o???áD?￠￡?2￠??′′á??ò?2?ó?￠￡?ê1??±??¨?e?e￡???′′á??°oó?ú?±o???áD?￠￡?ê1???ú1é1úí??D3á??á??￡è?oó￡?ó?à×í§???ùìó???àμo￡????±í§?ò???±oó°2è?·μ???￡
?ú′?oóμ?×·?e???D￡?è?μú?t?￠?óμ?2?·??￠í§±?òyó??á?àμo?úì¨μ??eá|·??§?ú?￡?ú?¤?è????o?é??÷???aμ??é????￡??úó?à×í§??D?Díμ?ì¨μ????ó??￡??÷?ˉ3??÷μ?1ú·à?üo￡?üó??úì¨???ú￡???μD?￠êμDD?2??ê?′ò?÷￡¨ê1ó?á?ì???′??×μˉ￡?￡?ò??ù?÷3áá??°é??ò?±o???áD?￠￡?2￠??é?á??°???§???±o??2?ó?￠￡?è??￠·￠??′|óú?àμo?úì¨1￥?÷·??§?ú￡??±?|oó3·￡??ò?ü??óD×·?÷?￡
è??ü?a′???′′￡????ó1ùé??Y??è??D???±á?è??üoó3·êyê?à?￡?μèoò1ú?úμ??üá?????×?è?2??áóDo?ê?μè???￡μú?tììò???￡??óμ??°?êáìè??ü??1ú?±?üá?μ?é??Y??è??D??￡??ú???ì?￠é?￡??ùDDá??°×ˉ???à???±μ??ù?1???ˉ?￡?ù?1?a??￡?Dèòa?ú??×óé???á?μ?￡?113éò???oáXD??￡í¨3￡?ù?1??′?ê±?1ê?2??á?à￡??ùò?￡?DèòaóDè?°??ú?a3yí′?à?￡?íê??ò??è?°??|?3??′ü￡?3??a?°?é′í?±￡?′ó??ê??a?ù?￡
????2?1üD?1í×ó???′í?**￡??μ?μ?ò?ü?e꧰é￡?
?ò?ü12???eê§á?ò??ò?±í§￡?19?òó?à×í§?￡?±í§μ??eê§￡?′?ê???è?￡?ê?óú±??t?T??±êμ?á÷μˉ?÷?Dμ??￡?úé????¨μˉoíéù?é3??????°￡??±í§?íê??TμDμ??￡oóà′ò??????úéù?éoí1916?êé????¨μˉ·￠?÷oó￡?2?óDá??????±í§μ?°ì·¨?￡?à±è????￡?ó?à×í§μ??eê§?í′ó?àá??￡μ?ê?￡???óú??1?à′?2￡??ò?ü?eê§?￠2?×?μà￡??éò?è·è??÷3áμ?è??￠×ü??????′?7íò5?§??ò?é?????oóà′?aμàê?97150??￡?è?μú?t?￠?ó???e?ü°??￡
?Y±¨′?à′￡??????????ó2?à?￡?ê?ò????1ò?2?×?μ???o?éù?￡2??±??°?ê?à?μ?ò??D???×?ò???D￡?ò??ò???àμ?3?ê?3?ò2??óD?e1?????￡?·′??D|èY?ú???￡??ê??μ2?3?μ??¤?ˉ￡??ò??è??aμà?áê¤à?￡??éò2′óà′??óD??1yê??a?ùμ?′óê¤?￡?ˉ°ùà?°?μ?±¨???úê?à?￡?°?ìì?μ2?3?ò????°￡?ê2?′ò22??üD?èY?ò??′?ê±′??ìμ?D??é?￡
?òí¨á????±o￡?ü1ù±?￡??±??·￠á?ò?′ó?ú?????÷3á?￠???·?￠?oé?μè??????2??áéù?￡μ±è?á?￡?12oí1úó￠ó?????￡?ò2óD???üá?°ù?￡??è??a???÷μ???×?￡?ó?×???èùót12oí1úó￠D???????2?á?ò???×?￡????úo-è′?à2?Düêa￡?ó￠ó?????ó?±?3??a?°?íò??????±￡????à????è?ò????￡
í??ùμ????￠′?μ?è?±?￡?è′òy?eá?Dùè?′ó2¨?￡è?±?±???òa3??e′ò?ù￡?è′??óD??μ?áaê?μ?ì??èè?′???ó2￡???è?o￡?üμ??eê§?1è??á2ò???￡
êyê??êoó￡?????μ??×?D?éè?ê?￡??Dè?ó?o?μ??ü3?′ú±í1êì?ó?èyàé￡??úò?′?·￠???D?ê???èê?á?μ±ê±μ??é?°￡?ò????a×?1êì?ó?èyàéμ??2?°￡o
?°?òê?????è?ê?￡????D±?òμoó￡??í2??óá?′óè?±??ê?ü￡?òò?a?§àú????￡??òê?×÷?aμ?±¨±??úo￡?ü±?2?·tò?μ??￡?ú?????§è??ˉ??ìì￡??ò?y?ú?′?ú???D?￡?ùò?￡?o￡?üμú?t?￠?óμ?μ?±¨￡??íê??òê?μ?μ??￡?±μ????ú￡??ò???1???úμ???μ?μ±ê±μ??éD??￡
ê?μ?μ?±¨??3?￡??ò?ù±?2??àD?￡???ê???êμμ??￡?òò??a￡?ê??ò·-ò?′íá?￡?óúê?￡??íó???×??ü??±?ò?á?ò?±é￡???′í￡??òμ?μú?t·′ó|￡?ê?ò??aμú?t?￠?óμ?·￠±¨?±?é???ú?aí?D|?￡?ò?í·￠μ?ó?ó??é??áa?μ￡??á1?ò2ê?ò??ù?￡ìùì???3¤￡¨?òμ?é???￡????ò°?ììò2??2?3?ò???à′￡?oü2??úòa?￡è?2?ê?￡?ìùì???3¤ò??±oü?′???ò￡?μ±ê±?í2?ê??ˉ?ê￡????á?±?ó?ˉê??ìóy?òá??￡?òê§?ê????μ?°?μ??ê????ìùì?￡?ìùì???3¤?aê?ò22??àD?￡??1ò??a?ò?aí?D|￡???ì§ê??í??á??òá??ú1a￡?oóà′?′?ò2???ê??aí?D|￡??íò???°??òì??a?￡?ò??ê±oò￡????a′?á?￡?ò?μ??ùò22??aμàì?￡¨?ùò??òò?μ?ò22?oTìùì??y￡??￡
ìùì???3¤×??o·′?′ò?á?á?±é￡?ó??ùèyó?μú?t?￠?óáa?μ￡??á1?￡???ìì′ó?ò???aμàá??￡
oóà′￡?ìùì???3¤?××?è￥?íμ?±¨￡?2?ò??á?ù￡??óìù2?3¤μ?°ì1?êòà?￡?′?3?á??é??μ?éù?ì￡??ò?ú??á?o???μ?μ?±¨??￡????ü??D?μ?ìy???￡ìùì???3¤??à′oó￡?á3é?μ?ê?ó???·￠×?á?￡¨?òê??????aoT°?￡??￡?ò?àD?￡?è?1?é??Y??á??úμ??°￡??óìù2?3¤?ü°???éú3?á??￡
?-?-
′ó??ê±oò?e￡??ò?íé?é??àD?￡oè??D????ò??¨òaó?o?￡?
?-?-?±
1914?ê8??25è?￡?è?±?ê×?à′óú???D?′??°￡?′óú??ú?ó?í′?μ1ì¨?￡
??è??ò′óà′??óD?¤??μ?￡??áóDè?′???1??￡μ?ê?￡??ò?aμà￡?êà??±?á??￡?Dè??àμo?êìa?áê?á??￡???ú￡??ò????áùμ?ê??Dè?è??????ù?￡
1914?ê8??25è?￡??Dè???áùè??????ù?￡
[×￠]￡o1914?ê8??25è?￡?è?±?μú?t?￠?ó?úò???D?ê±???ú￡??eê§á?èy?ò??áD?￠￡??eê§?￠í§×ü??????′?97150???￡óúê?￡?è?±?o￡?ü???aò?ìì?ü???a?°???§è??±￡?????ò?D?ê±3??a?°???§μ?ò?D?ê±?±?￡